Why Connectors Matter in DELE Writing
Connectors and linking words are one of the most visible markers of writing quality in DELE exams. Examiners look for cohesion — the way ideas flow logically from one sentence to the next. Using a variety of connectors correctly demonstrates B2, C1, and C2 writing competence. Repeating the same connector (y, pero, porque) signals a lower level and reduces your mark.
Additive Connectors
Use additive connectors when adding information to support a point. Common options include: además (furthermore), asimismo (likewise), también (also), incluso (even), del mismo modo (in the same way), igualmente (equally). At C1 level, favour asimismo and del mismo modo over también, which sounds more conversational.
Contrast Connectors
Contrast connectors introduce opposing ideas. Use: sin embargo (however), no obstante (nevertheless), a pesar de (in spite of), aunque (although), por el contrario (on the contrary), en cambio (on the other hand). In formal writing, sin embargo and no obstante are preferable to pero, which is too informal for DELE B2 and above. Place these connectors after a semicolon or at the start of a new sentence.
Cause and Effect Connectors
To explain causes, use: debido a (due to), a causa de (because of), dado que (given that), puesto que (since), ya que (since/because). To express effects, use: por lo tanto (therefore), en consecuencia (as a consequence), de ahí que (hence), así pues (thus). At C1 and C2, using de ahí que with the subjunctive shows grammatical sophistication.
Concession Connectors
Concession connectors acknowledge a counterargument while maintaining your position. Use: aunque (even though), a pesar de que (despite the fact that), si bien (while/although), por más que (no matter how much). These structures, especially when paired with the subjunctive, are prized in C1 and C2 argumentative essays.
Exemplification and Clarification Connectors
Use: por ejemplo (for example), es decir (that is), esto es (that is to say), o sea (in other words), en concreto (specifically), de hecho (in fact). Examiners value concrete examples and clear explanation. Using por ejemplo followed by a specific, relevant example elevates an abstract argument.
Conclusion Connectors
End your essays and letters with a clear concluding section. Use: en conclusión (in conclusion), en resumen (in summary), para concluir (to conclude), en definitiva (ultimately), por todo lo expuesto (for all the reasons above). Avoid starting your conclusion with finalmente, which introduces the last point in a list rather than a summary conclusion.
How to Practise Using Connectors
Write short paragraphs on a topic and challenge yourself to use at least three different connector categories in each paragraph. Then rewrite the same paragraph replacing connectors with more advanced alternatives. Analyse DELE model answers for connector variety and note which ones appear most frequently at each level. Incorporate two or three new connectors per week into your active vocabulary.
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